89 capabilities and predispositions to certain forms of behavior and illnesses.
Unlike physics, biology does not usually describe systems in terms of objects which obey immutable physical laws described by mathematics. Nevertheless, the biological sciences are characterized and unified by several major underlying principles and concepts universality, evolution, diversity,
continuity, genetics, homeostasis, and interactions. The most salient example of biological universality is that all living things share a common carbon-based biochemistry and in particular pass on their characteristics via genetic material, which is based on nucleic acids such as DNA and which uses a common genetic code with only minor variations. Another universal principle is that all organisms (that is. all forms of life on Earth except for viruses) are made of cells. Similarly, all organisms share common developmental processes.
The central organizing concept in biology is that all life has a common origin and has changed and developed through the process of evolution. Biologists organize and analyze evolutionary relationships
through various methods, including phylogenetics, phenetics, and cladistics.
Despite its underlying unity, life exhibits an astonishingly wide diversity in morphology,
behavior, and life histories. In order to grapple with this diversity, biologists attempt to classify all living things. Traditionally, living things have been divided into five kingdoms Monera — Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia. However, many scientists now consider this five-kingdom system to be outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally begin with the three-domain system Archaea (originally Archaebacteria) -Bacteria originally Eubacteria) -- Eukaryota. Further, each kingdom is broken down continuously until each species is seperately classified. The order is l)Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable condition by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms.
All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis.
Every living thing interacts with other organisms and its environment. One reason that biological systems can be difficult to study is that so many different interactions with other organisms and the environment are possible, even on the smallest of scales. Matters become more complex when two or more different species interact in an ecosystem. Studies of this type are the province of ecology Biology has become such avast research enterprise that it is not generally regarded as a single discipline, but as a number of clustered sub- disciplines. The first group consists of those disciplines that study the basic structures of living systems cells, genes etc
the second group considers